Chords
Name
 Symbol
 Alt. Symbol (best first)
 Notes
 Note numbers
 Scales (in order of fit).
C major (triad)
 C
 Cmaj, CM (not good) C E G
 1 3 5
 Ion, Mix, Lyd, MajPent, MajBlu, DoHar, HarmMaj, RagPD, DomPent
C 6
 C6
C E G A
 1 3 5 6
 Ion, MajPent, MajBlu, Lyd, Mix
C major 7
 C∆
 Cmaj7, CM7 (not good) C E G B 1 3 5 7 Ion, Lyd, DoHar, RagPD, MajPent
C major 9
 C∆9
 Cmaj9
 C E G B D
 1 3 5 7 9 Ion, Lyd, MajPent
C 7 (or dominant 7th) C7
 CM7 (not good) C E G Bb
 1 3 5 b7
 Mix, LyDom, PhrDom, DomPent, RagCha, ComDim, MajPent, MajBlu, Blues
C 9
 C9
C E G Bb D
 1 3 5 b7 9 Mix, LyDom, RagCha, DomPent, MajPent, MajBlu, Blues
C 7 sharp 9
 C7#9
 C7+9, C7alt.
 C E G Bb D# 1 3 5 b7 #9 ComDim, Blues
C 7 flat 9
 C7b9
 C7alt.
 C E G Bb Db 1 3 5 b7 b9 ComDim, PhrDom 
C 7 flat 5
 C7b5
C E Gb Bb 1 3 b5 b7 Whole, LyDom, SupLoc, Blues
C 7 sharp 11 C7#11 Bb+/C
 C E G Bb D F#
 1 3 5 b7 9 #11
 LyDom
C 13
 C 13
 C9 add 13
 C E G Bb D A 1 3 5 b7 9 13
 Mix, LyDom, DomPent, MajBlu, Blues
C minor (triad) Cm C-, Cmin C Eb G
1 b3 5 Dor, Aeo, Phr, HarmMin, MelMin, DoHarMin, MinPent, Ukdor, Blues, Pelog
C minor 7
 Cm7
 Cmin7, C-7
 C Eb G Bb 1 b3 5 b7
 Dor, Aeo, Phr, MinPent, UkDor, Blues
C minor major 7
 Cm∆
 Cm maj7, C- maj7
 C Eb G B 1 b3 5 7
 HarmMin, MelMin, DoHarMin
C minor 6
 Cm6
 C-6
 C Eb G A 1 b3 5 6
 Dor, MelMin
C minor 9 Cm9
 C-9
 C Eb G Bb D
 1 b3 5 b7 9
 Dor, Aeo, MinPent
C diminished (triad) Cº
 Cdim
 C Eb Gb
 1 b3 b5
 Loc, Dim, ComDim, SupLoc
C diminished 7 Cº7
 Cdim7
 C Eb Gb A(Bbb)
 1 b3 b5 6(bb7)
 Dim
C half diminished
 Cø
 Cm7b5
 C Eb Gb Bb
 1 b3 b5 b7
 Half diminished, Loc
C augmented (triad) C+
 Caug
 C E G#
 1 3 #5
 Whole, SupLoc, LydAug, RagPD, Aug
C augmented major 7
 C+∆
 Caug maj7
 C E G# B 1 3 #5 7
 LydAug, RagPD, Aug
C augmented 7
 C+7
 Caug7
 C E G# Bb 1 3 #5 b7
 Whole, SupLoc
C augmented 7 sharp 9
 C+7#9
 Caug7#9
 C E G# Bb D# 1 3 #5 b7 #9
 SupLoc
C suspended 4
 Csus4
 Csus
 C F G
 1 4 5
 Ion, Mix (avoid 3)
C 7 suspended 4 C7sus4
 C7sus
 C F G Bb
 1 4 5 b7
 Mix (avoid 3)
C 11
 C11
 Bb/C
C Bb D F
 1 b7 9 11
 Mix (avoid 3)
C 6 suspended 2 sharp 11
 D/C
 C6sus2#11, Dmaj/C
 C D F# A
 1 2 #4 6
 Lyd, LyDom, UkDor

Scales 
Name
 Abbrev.
 Alt. names
 Notes in C
 Note numbers
 Intervals
 Chords (in order of fit).
Ionian
 Ion Major
 C D E F G A B
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 2212221
 C, C6, C∆, C∆9, Csus4
Dorian
 Dor
 Jazz minor C D Eb F G A Bb 1 2 b3 4 5 6 b7
 2122212
 Cm7, Cm9, Cm, Cm6
Phrygian
 Phr
C Db Eb F G Ab Bb 1 b2 b3 4 5 b6 b7
 1222122
 Cm, Cm7
Lydian
 Lyd
C D E F# G A B 1 2 3 #4 5 6 7
 2221221
 C, C6, C∆, C∆9
Mixolydian
 Mix
 Dominant 7th
 C D E F G A Bb 1 2 3 4 5 6 b7
 2212212
 C, C6, C7, C9, C11, C13, Csus7
Aeolian Aeo
 Natural minor
 C D Eb F G Ab Bb 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 2122122
 Cm, Cm7, Cm9
Locrian
 Loc
C Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb 1 b2 b3 4 b5 b6 b7 1221222
 Cº, Cø
Harmonic Minor (HM1)
 HarmMin
C D Eb F G Ab B 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 7 2122131
 Cm, Cm∆
Ukranian Dorian (HM4)
 UkDor
 Romanian minor, Misheberak, Raga Saugandh C D Eb #F G A Bb
 1 2 b3 #4 5 6 b7
 2131212
 Cm, Cm7
Phrygian Dominant (HM5)
 PhrDom
 Freygish, Hijaz, Spanish, Gypsy
 C Db E F G Ab Bb
1 b2 3 4 5 b6 b7 1312122
 C7, C7b9
Melodic Minor (MM1)
 MelMin
 Melodic Minor ascending
 C D Eb F G A B 1 2 b3 4 5 6 7 2122221
 Cm, Cm6, Cm∆,
Lydian Augmented (MM3)
 LydAug
C D E F# G# A B
 1 2 3 #4 #5 6 7
 2222121
 C+∆
Lydian Dominant (MM4)
 LyDom
 Harmonics Scale, "The Simpsons"
 C D E F# G A Bb
 1 2 3 #4 5 6 b7
 2221212
 C7, C9, C7b5, C7#11, C13
Raga Charukeshi (MM5)
 RagCha
C D E F G Ab Bb
 1 2 3 4 5 b6 b7
 2212122
 C7, C9
Super Locrian (MM7)
 SupLoc
 Diminished Whole tone, Altered
 C Db Eb E F# G# Bb
 1 b2 b3 3 #4 #5 b7
 1212222
 C+, C+7
Double Harmonic (DH1)
 DoHar
 Raga Bhairav, "Misirlou" C Db E F G Ab B 1 b2 3 4 5 b6 7 1312131
 C, C∆
Double Harmonic Minor (DH4) DoHarMin
 Hungarian Minor, Maqam Nawa Athar
 C D Eb F# G Ab B
 1 2 b3 #4 5 b6 7
 2131131
 Cm, Cm∆
Harmonic Major
 HarmMaj
C D E F G Ab B
 1 2 3 4 5 b6 7 2212131
 C, C∆,
Raga Puriya Daneshri
 RagPD
 "Pash Crush", Purvi Thaat
 C Db E F# G Ab B
 1 b2 3 #4 5 b6 7 1321131
 C, C∆, C+∆
Whole tone
 Whole
C D E F# Ab Bb
 1 2 3 #4 b6 b7 222222
 C+, C+7, C7b5, C9(no 5)
Diminished
 Dim
 Whole step/half Step
 C D Eb F Gb Ab A B 1 2 b3 4 b5 b6 6 7
 21212121
 Cº
Combination Diminished
 ComDim
 Half step/whole step, Altered
 C Db Eb E F# G A Bb 1 b2 b3 3 #4 5 6 b7
 12121212
 C7, C7#9, C7b9, Cº
Augmented Scale
 Aug
 3-1 scale [Note: Try 1-3  too!]
C D# E G G# B
 1 #2 3 5 #5 7
 313131
 C+, C+∆, C, C∆
Major Pentatonic
MajPent
C D E G A
 1 2 3 5 6
 22323
 C, C6, C∆, C∆9, C7,
Dominant Pentatonic
 DomPent
 African Pentatonic
 C D E G Bb
 1 2 3 5 b7
 22332
 C, C7, C9, C13
Minor Pentatonic
MinPent
C Eb F G Bb
 1 b3 4 5 b7 32232
 Cm, Cm7, Cm9
Pelog Pentatonic
 Pelog
 Phrygian Pentatonic, Indian Pentatonic*
 C Db Eb G Ab
 1 b2 b3 5 b6
 12414
 Cm
Blues Scale
 Blues
 Minor Blues
 C Eb F F# G Bb
1 b3 4 #4 5 b7
 321132
 Cm, Cm7, C7#9, C7, C9, C13, C7b5
Major Blues Scale
 MajBlu
C D Eb E G A
 1 2 b3 3 5 6
 211323
 C, C6, C7, C9, C13
Charts written by Mal Webb 2014-2023 http://malwebb.com

-Many of these scales (Hijaz, Pelog, etc.) would traditionally be non Equal Temperament tunings: I've just provided the ET chromatic equivalent.
-As well as the modes of the major scale (in pale blue), I've also grouped the choice modes of Harmonic Minor, Melodic Minor and Double Harmonic (hence the HM4, MM5, etc.)
-Yes, there are more chords and scales than these... I just thought this was a good start!
*Starting Pelog from the b6, which ends up being C E F G B  or  1 3 4 5 7 is sometimes called "Indian Pentatonic" (C, C∆)
Thanks to Rob MacWilliams for inspiring this. To Josh Bennett for the Indian additions. And to Richard Grantham, Kathleen Campbell, Rob Reeves and Kylie Morrigan proofing it!